| Individual course details | ||||||||||
| Study programme | Meteorology | |||||||||
| Chosen research area (module) | ||||||||||
| Nature and level of studies | Undergraduate studies | |||||||||
| Name of the course | Clouds microphysics | |||||||||
| Professor (lectures) | Vladan Vučković | |||||||||
| Professor/associate (examples/practical) | Katarina Veljović | |||||||||
| Professor/associate (additional) | ||||||||||
| ECTS | 8 | Status (required/elective) | required | |||||||
| Access requirements | Dynamic meteorology 1 | |||||||||
| Aims of the course | To provide students with information on microphysical processes that lead to the formation of clouds and precipitation. | |||||||||
| Learning outcomes | Acquiring knowledge about the microphysical processes of liquid and ice phase nucleation in clouds, the growth of cloud elements and precipitation formation. | |||||||||
| Contents of the course | ||||||||||
| Lectures | 1. The formation of clouds and precipitation - introduction. Diabatic cooling, mixing, adiabatic cooling. The formation of precipitation. Classification of microphysical processes. 2. Thermodynamic relations. Thermodynamic potentials. Phase rules. 3. Thermodynamics of solutions. General phase equilibrium equation for solutions. The Clausius - Clapeyron equation. Phase equilibrium for a curved Interface - the Kelvin equation. Solution effects and the Köhler equation. 4. Homogeneous nucleation of water drops and ice crystals from water vapor. Equilibrium population of embryos and energy of embryo formation - the classical description. The nucleation rate. 5. Heterogeneous nucleation. Nucleation of drops on water - insoluble nuclei. Nucleation on a insoluble plane surface. Nucleation on a insoluble curved nuclei. Nucleation on soluble nuclei. 6. Nucleation of the ice phase. Deposition nucleation. Homogeneous freezing nucleation. Immersion freezing nucleation. Contact freezing nucleation. Secondary ice production. 7. Diffusion growth of water drops. The equations governing drop growth of diffusion. Competition between droplets. Factors modifying the basis flux equations. 8. Diffusion growth of ice crystals. The equations governing ice crystal growth. Ice crystal growth modes. 9. Growth of drops by collection. The collection equation. Terminal fall velocities for water drops. Collection efficiency. 10. Solutions of the collection equation. Drop breakup. 11. Growth of ice particles by collection. Growth of rimed crystals and graupeln. Growth of hail. The Schumann - Ludlam limit. 12. Growth of snowflakes. The melting of ice particles. 13. Formation of precipitation by coalescence. Formation of a water cloud. Initiation of the coalescence process. 14. Formation of precipitation by the ice crystal mechanism. The glaciation process. Formation of precipitation in stratiform clouds. Formation of precipitation in convective clouds. | |||||||||
| Examples/ practical classes | Thermodynamics of dry and humid air. Mixing and convection. Cloud characteristics and formation of cloud droplets. Equation for growth rate of drops by diffusion of water vapor. Terminal velocity of cloudy and precipitation elements in air. Growth of raindrops by collection and kinetic equation for coagulation. Marshall-Palmer's distribution of raindrops. Ice crystal growth equations. | |||||||||
| Recommended books | ||||||||||
| 1 | Vučković V., 2011: Cloud microphysics, script, Institute of meteorology, University of Belgrade. | |||||||||
| 2 | Ćuric M., 2001: Microphysics of clouds, RHMZ, Belgrade, 306 pp. | |||||||||
| 3 | Young, K.C., 1993: Microphysical processes in clouds. Oxford university press, 427 pp. | |||||||||
| 4 | Pruppacher, H.R., and J.D. Klett, 1997: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Holland, 957 pp. | |||||||||
| 5 | Wang, K.P., 2013: Physics and Dynamics of Clouds and Precipitation, Cambridge university press, 467 pp. | |||||||||
| Number of classes (weekly) | ||||||||||
| Lectures | Examples&practicals | Student project | Additional | |||||||
| 3 | 3 | |||||||||
| Teaching and learning methods | ||||||||||
| Assessment (maximal 100) | ||||||||||
| assesed coursework | mark | examination | mark | |||||||
| coursework | 5 | written examination | 30 | |||||||
| practicals | 15 | oral examination | 50 | |||||||
| papers | ||||||||||
| presentations | ||||||||||